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Clock sync trouble with Digium cards and timing cables

Harald Welte — Thu, 08 Sep 2022 16:00:00 GMT

If you have ever worked with Digium (now part of Sangoma) digital telephony interface cards such as the TE110/410/420/820 (single to octal E1/T1/J1 PRI cards), you will probably have seen that they always have a timing connector, where the timing information can be passed from one card to another.

In PDH/ISDN (or even SDH) networks, it is very important to have a synchronized clock across the network. If the clocks are drifting, there will be underruns or overruns, with associated phase jumps that are particularly dangerous when analog modem calls are transported.

In traditional ISDN use cases, the clock is always provided by the network operator, and any customer/user side equipment is expected to synchronize to that clock.

So this Digium timing cable is needed in applications where you have more PRI lines than possible with one card, but only a subset of your lines (spans) are connected to the public operator. The timing cable should make sure that the clock received on one port from the public operator should be used as transmit bit-clock on all of the other ports, no matter on which card.

Unfortunately this decades-old Digium timing cable approach seems to suffer from some problems.

bursty bit clock changes until link is up

The first problem is that downstream port transmit bit clock was jumping around in bursts every two or so seconds. You can see an oscillogram of the E1 master signal (yellow) received by one TE820 card and the transmit of the slave ports on the other card at https://people.osmocom.org/laforge/photos/te820_timingcable_problem.mp4

As you can see, for some seconds the two clocks seem to be in perfect lock/sync, but in between there are periods of immense clock drift.

What I'd have expected is the behavior that can be seen at https://people.osmocom.org/laforge/photos/te820_notimingcable_loopback.mp4 - which shows a similar setup but without the use of a timing cable: Both the master clock input and the clock output were connected on the same TE820 card.

As I found out much later, this problem only occurs until any of the downstream/slave ports is fully OK/GREEN.

This is surprising, as any other E1 equipment I've seen always transmits at a constant bit clock irrespective whether there's any signal in the opposite direction, and irrespective of whether any other ports are up/aligned or not.

But ok, once you adjust your expectations to this Digium peculiarity, you can actually proceed.

clock drift between master and slave cards

Once any of the spans of a slave card on the timing bus are fully aligned, the transmit bit clocks of all of its ports appear to be in sync/lock - yay - but unfortunately only at the very first glance.

When looking at it for more than a few seconds, one can see a slow, continuous drift of the slave bit clocks compared to the master :(

Some initial measurements show that the clock of the slave card of the timing cable is drifting at about 12.5 ppb (parts per billion) when compared against the master clock reference.

This is rather disappointing, given that the whole point of a timing cable is to ensure you have one reference clock with all signals locked to it.

The work-around

If you are willing to sacrifice one port (span) of each card, you can work around that slow-clock-drift issue by connecting an external loopback cable. So the master card is configured to use the clock provided by the upstream provider. Its other ports (spans) will transmit at the exact recovered clock rate with no drift. You can use any of those ports to provide the clock reference to a port on the slave card using an external loopback cable.

In this setup, your slave card[s] will have perfect bit clock sync/lock.

Its just rather sad that you need to sacrifice ports just for achieving proper clock sync - something that the timing connectors and cables claim to do, but in reality don't achieve, at least not in my setup with the most modern and high-end octal-port PCIe cards (TE820).

First steps towards an ITU-T V5.1 / V5.2 implementation

Harald Welte — Sun, 10 Oct 2021 16:00:00 GMT

As some of you may know, I've been starting to collect "vintage" telecommunications equipment starting from analog modems to ISDN adapters, but also PBXs and even SDH equipment. The goal is to keep this equipment (and related software) alive for demonstration and practical exploration.

Some [incomplete] information can be found at https://osmocom.org/projects/retro-bbs/wiki/

Working with PBXs to simulate the PSTN (ISDN/POTS) network is fine to some extent, but it's of course not the real deal. You only get S0-buses and no actual Uk0 like actual ISDN lines of the late 80ies and 90ies. You have problems with modems not liking the PBX dialtone, etc.

Hence, I've always wanted to get my hand on some more real-world central-office telephone network equipment, and I finally have a source for so-called V5.1/V5.2 access multiplexers. Those are like remote extension boxes for the central office switch (like EWSD or System 12). They aggregate/multiplex a number of analog or ISDN BRI subscriber lines into E1 lines, while not implementing any of the actual call control or ISDN signalling logic. All of that is provided by the actual telephone switch/exchange.

So in order to integrate such access multiplexers in my retronetworking setup, I will have to implement the LE (local exchange) side of the V5.1 and/or V5.2 protocols, as specified in ITU-T G.964 and G.965.

In the limited spare time I have next to my dayjob and various FOSS projects, progress will likely be slow. Nonetheless I started with an implementation now, and I already had a lot of fun learning about more details of those interfaces and their related protocols.

One of the unresolved questions is to what kind of software I would want to integrate once the V5.x part is resolved.

lcr would probably be the most ISDN-native approach, but it is mostly unused and quite EOL.
Asterisk or FreeSWITCH would of course be obvious candidates, but they are all relatively alien to ISDN, and hence not very transparent once you start to do anything but voice calls (e.g. dialup ISDN data calls in various forms).
yate is another potential candidate. It already supports classic SS7 including ISUP, so it would be a good candidate to build an actual ISDN exchange with V5.2 access multiplexers on the customer-facing side (Q.921+Q.931 on it) and SS7/ISUP towards other exchanges.

For now I think yate would be the most promising approach. Time will tell.

The final goal would then be to have a setup [e.g. at a future CCC congress] where we would have SDH add/drop multiplexers in several halls, and V5.x access multiplexers attached to that, connecting analog and ISDN BRI lines from individual participants to a software-defined central exchange. Ideally actually multiple exchanges, so we can show the signaling on the V5.x side, the Q.921/Q.931 side and the SS7/ISUP between the exchanges.

Given that the next CCC congress is not before December 2022, there is a chance to actually implement this before then ;)

Retronetworking / BBS-Revival setup at #36C3

Harald Welte — Sat, 04 Jan 2020 16:00:00 GMT

After many years of being involved in various projects at the annual Chaos Communication Congress (starting from the audio/vidoe recording team at 15C3), I've finally also departed the GSM team, i.e. the people who operate (Osmocom based) cellular networks at CCC events.

The CCC Camp in August 2019 was slightly different: Instead of helping an Osmocom based 2G/3G network, I decided to put up a nextepc-based LTE network and make that use the 2G/3G HLR (osmo-hlr) via a newly-written DIAMETER-to-GSUP proxy. After lots of hacking on that proxy and fixing various bugs in nextepc (see my laforge/cccamp2019 branch here) this was working rather fine.

For 36C3 in December 2019 I had something different in mind: It was supposed to be the first actual demo of the retronetworking / bbs-revival setup I've been working on during past months. This setup in turn is sort-of a continuation of my talk at 34C3 two years ago: BBSs and early Intenet access in the 1990ies.

Rather than just talking about it, I wanted to be able to show people the real thing: Actual client PCs running (mainly) DOS, dialling over analog modems and phone lines as well as ISDN-TAs and ISDN lines into BBSs, together with early Interent access using SLIP and PPP over the same dial-up lines.

The actual setup can be seen at the Dialup Network In A Box wiki page, together with the 36C3 specific wiki page.

What took most of the time was - interestingly - mainly two topics:

A 1U rack-mount system with four E1 ports. I had lots of old Sangoma Quad-E1 cards in PCI form-factor available, but wanted to use a PC with a more modern/faster CPU than those old first-generation Atom boxes that still had actual PCI slots. Those new mainboards don't have PCI but PCIe. There are plenty of PCIe to PCI bridges and associated products on the market, which worked fine with virtually any PCI card I could find, but not with the Sangoma AFT PCI cards I wanted to use. Seconds to minutes after boot, the PCI-PCIe bridges would always forget their secondary bus number. I suspected excessive power consumption or glitches, but couldn't find anything wrong when looking at the power rails with a scope. Adding additional capacitors on every rail also didn't change it. The !RESET line is also clean. It remains a mystery. I then finally decided to but a new (expensive) DAHDI 4-port E1 PCIe card to move ahead. What a waste of money if you have tons of other E1 cards around.
Various trouble with FreeSWITCH. All I wanted/needed was some simple emulation of a PSTN/ISDN switch, operating in NT mode towards both the Livingston Portmaster 3 RAS and the Auerswald PBX. I would have used lcr, but it supports neither DAHDI nor Sangoma, but only mISDN - and there are no mISDN cards with four E1 ports :( So I decided to go for FreeSWITCH, knowing it has had a long history of ISDN/PRI/E1 support. However, it was a big disappointment. First, there were some segfaults due to a classic pointer deref before NULL-check. Next, libpri and FreeSWITCH have a different idea how channel (timeslot) numbers are structured, rendering any call attempt to fail. Finally, FreeSWITCH decided to blindly overwrite any bearer capabilities IE with 'speech', even if an ISDN dialup call (unrestricted digital information) was being handled. The FreeSWITCH documentation contains tons of references on channel input/output variables related to that - but it turns out their libpri integration doesn't set any of those, nor use any of them on the outbound side.

Anyway, after a lot more time than expected the setup was operational, and we could establish modem calls as well as ISDN dialup calls between the clients and the Portmaster3. The PM3 in turn then was configured to forward the dialup sessions via telnet to a variety of BBSs around the internet. Some exist still (or again) on the public internet. Some others were explicitly (re)created by 36C3 participants for this very BBS-Revival setup.

My personal favorite was finding ACiD Underworld 2.0, one of the few BBSs out there today who support RIPscrip, a protocol used to render vector graphics, text and even mouse-clickable UI via modem connection to a DOS/EGA client program called RIPterm. So we had one RIPterm installation on Novell DOS7 that was just used for dialling into ACiD Underworld 2.0.

Among other things we also tested interoperability between the 1980ies CCC DIY accoustic coupler "Datenklo" and the Portmaster, and confirmed that Windows 2000 could establish multilink-PPP not only over two B-channels (128 kbps) but also over 3 B-Channels (192).

Running this setup for four days meant 36C3 was a quite different experience than many previous CCC congresses:

I was less stressed as I wasn't involved in operating a service that many people would want to use (GSM).
I got engaged with many more people with whom I would normally not have entered a conversation, as they were watching the exhibits/demos and we got to chat about the technology involved and the 'good old days'.

So all in all, despite the last minute FreeSWITCH-patching, it was a much more relaxing and rewarding experience for me.

Special thanks to

Sylvain "tnt" Munaut for spending a lot of time with me at the retronetworking assembly. The fact that I had an E1 interface around was a good way for him to continue development on his ICE40 based bi-directional E1 wiretap. He also helped with setup and teardown.
miaoski and evanslify for reviving two of their old BBSs from Taiwan so we could use them at this event

The retronetworking setup is intended to operate at many other future events, whether CCC related, Vintage Computing or otherwise. It's relatively small and portable.

I'm very much looking forward to the next incarnations. Until then, I will hopefully have more software configured and operational, including a variety of local BBSs (running in VMs/containers), together with the respective networking (FTN, ZConnect, ...) and point software like CrossPoint.

If you are interested in helping out with this project: I'm very much looking for help. It doesn't matter if you're old and have had BBS experience back in the day, or if you're a younger person who wants to learn about communications history. Any help is appreciated. Please reach out to the bbs-revival@lists.osmocom.org mailing list, or directly to me via e-mail.